Рано или поздно все, кто изучает английский язык, сталкиваются с понятием Relative Clause . Под таким загадочным названием скрываются придаточные определительные предложения (части сложноподчиненных предложений). Иными словами, в сложном предложении придаточная (зависимая) часть – Relative Clause – подробно раскрывает главную и несет уточняющую информацию.
Приведем примеры образования одной фразы с Relative Clause из двух простых, достаточно кратких и связанных друг с другом, предложений:
A train goes to Manchester. It leaves from platform 3. – Поезд идет в Манчестер. Он отправляется с 3 платформы.
The train which goes to Manchester leaves from platform 3. – Поезд, который идет в Манчестер, отправляется с 3 платформы.
A lady teaches us German. She lives next door. – Дама преподает нам немецкий язык. Она живет по соседству.
The lady who teaches us German lives next door. – Дама, которая преподает нам немецкий язык, живет по соседству.
I saw a film yesterday. It was fantastic. – Вчера я посмотрел фильм. Он оказался потрясающим.
The film that I saw yesterday was fantastic. – Фильм, который я посмотрел вчера, оказался потрясающим.
Как видим, неотъемлемыми составляющими Relative Clause являются, прежде всего, слова which , who и that . Все они соответствуют русскому слову «который». Однако помимо них Relative Clause может вводиться словами whose (чей, у которого), whom (которому, с которым), where (где, в котором), when (когда, в котором), why (почему, по которым):
The guy whose laptop had been stolen called the police. – Парень, у которого украли ноутбук, позвонил в полицию.
Every summer John goes to the town where his parents were born. – Каждое лето Джон ездит в город, где (в котором ) родились его родители.
There were 2 reasons why she mentioned it. – Существовало 2 причины, по которым она упомянула об этом.
Также обратите внимание на то, что неопределенный артикль a перед существительными train , lady , film в предложении с Relative Clause заменяется на the , поскольку придаточное предложение дополняет указанные существительные, делая их конкретными.
Кстати, о разнице между which , who и that (а этот вопрос вас наверняка заинтересует) советуем прочитать в . Вы также можете узнать о ней подробнее, посмотрев видео от Ребекки.
Виды Relative Clause в английском языке
Знакомясь с Relative Clause в учебниках зарубежных авторов, вы непременно заметите, что данное явление, как правило, дополняется цифрами 1 и 2. Что же они означают? Давайте разбираться.
Под цифрой 1 скрывается так называемое Defining (или Identifying – ограничительное) Relative Clause , представляющее важную и значимую для высказывания информацию. Следует помнить, что запятыми такое придаточное предложение в английском языке, в отличие от русского, не обособляется:
Richard is the man who married my cousin Janet. – Ричард – это тот мужчина, который женился на моей двоюродной сестре Дженет.
That’s the cat that I saw in my garden – Это тот самый кот, которого я видела в своем саду.
Под цифрой 2 подразумевается Non-Defining (или Non-Identifying – распространительное) Relative Clause , вводящее дополнительную, уточняющую информацию, не всегда представляющую важность для высказывания. Поэтому в данном случае придаточное предложение выделяется запятыми:
The girl from my college, who I have never spoken to before, asked me for help today. – Девушка из моего колледжа, с которой я раньше никогда не общался, попросила меня сегодня о помощи.
That red car, which is in my garage now, was bought by my sister. – Та красная машина, которая сейчас стоит у меня в гараже, была куплена моей сестрой.
Подробнее о расстановке запятых в сложноподчиненных предложениях, включая примеры с Relative Clause , вы можете узнать в .
Стоит отметить, что в некоторых предложениях союз, являющийся началом Relative Clause , может пропускаться. Чтобы понять, можем ли мы опустить which , who или that , необходимо сначала определить, с чем согласуется придаточное предложение: с подлежащим или дополнением.
Рассмотрим 2 примера:
The young man who lives upstairs is very friendly. – Молодой человек, живущий над нами (на этаж выше), очень дружелюбный.
The young man (who ) you met yesterday lives upstairs. – Молодой человек, которого вы вчера встретили, живет над нами (на этаж выше).
В первом случае мы имеем дело с Subject Relative Clause , в котором подлежащее придаточного определительного предложения совпадает с подлежащим главного (the man ). В таком предложении наличие союза (в данном случае – who ) обязательно.
Во втором случае в главном и придаточном предложениях разные подлежащие:
The young man lives upstairs.
You met him (дополнение) yesterday.
Придаточное определительное такого вида имеет название Object Relative Clause и не требует обязательного наличия относительных местоимений which , who или that .
Для лучшего закрепления вышеизложенного материала приведем другие примеры предложений с наличием и отсутствием относительных местоимений:
- Subject Relative Clause
:
The doctor told him not to worry. A doctor treated him. = The doctor who treated him который лечил его , сказал ему не волноваться.
- Object Relative Clause
:
The doctor told him not to worry. He talked to a doctor. = The doctor he talked to told him not to worry. – Врач, с которым он говорил , попросил его не волноваться.
Заметьте, что предлоги в придаточных Object Relative Clause чаще ставятся после относительных местоимений which , who или that и глаголов (как с дополнением, так и без него):
It’s the movie I told you about . – Это фильм, о котором я тебе говорил.
This is the book she has been looking for . – Это та самая книга, которую она искала.
Чтобы вы смогли освоить тему лучше, мы подготовили небольшой тест.
Тест
Relative Clause в английском языке: виды и правила использования
Relative clauses (придаточные определительные предложения)
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Subject or object Relative clauses give extra information about a noun in the main clause. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun (who, which, that, whom, whose). The relative pronoun can refer to the subject of the clause. -That"s the woman who bought my car. The woman (subject) bought my car (object). Or the relative pronoun can refer to the object of the clause. -This is the car that I used to own. I (subject) used to own the car (object). |
Субъект
или объект
Придаточные
определительные предложения дают
дополнительную информацию о
существительном в главном
предложении.
Относительное
местоимение может относиться к
подлежащему в предложении.
Женщина (субъект) купил свою машину (объект). Или относительное местоимение может относиться к дополнению в предложении. Я (субъект) владел автомобилем (объект). |
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Defining . Defining clauses give important information which tells us exactly what is being referred to. -The book which you lent me is really good. This indicates which book we are talking about. Without the relative clause, it might be difficult to understand the meaning. |
Определяющие
Определяющие предложения дают важную
информацию, которая говорит нам, что
именно имеется в виду.
Это указывает на ту книгу,о которой мы говорим. Без определяющего предложения, может быть трудно понять смысл. |
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Non-defining . Non-defining clauses add extra information. They are separated by commas in writing, and by a pause on either side (where the commas are) in speaking. We generally use which not that in non-defining clauses. - This gives extra information about the book. We could miss out the relative clause and the meaning would still be clear. |
Не
определяющие
Не определяющие предложения добавляют дополнительную информацию. Они разделены запятой в письменной форме, и паузой с каждой стороны (там, где запятые) в разговоре. Мы вообще используем which а не that в не определяющие предложениях. - Книга, которую я не читал, по-прежнему лежала на полке. Это дает дополнительную информацию о книге. Мы могли опустить н е определяющее предложение, но смысл все равно будет понятным. |
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Omitting the relative pronoun . In a defining relative clause we can leave out the relative pronoun if it is the object of the clause. - That"s the car (that) I used to own. We cannot miss out the relative pronoun if it is the subject of the clause. - That"s the woman who bought my car. . In a non-defining relative clause we cannot leave out the relative pronoun. - The book, which I hadn"t read, was still on the shelf. |
Опуская относительное
местоимение
В
о
пределяющем
предложении
мы
можем опустить относительное
местоимение, если оно является
дополнением в предложении. Это автомобиль, который у меня был. Мы не можем опустить относительное местоимение, если оно является подлежащим в предложении. -Это женщина, которая купила машину. В н е определяющих предложениях мы не можем опустить относительное местоимение. - Книга, которую я не читал, по-прежнему лежала на полке. |
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Which, who and that . That instead of which When we talk about things, that is often used instead of which in defining clauses. This is very common in speech. - Is this the house that you bought? . That instead of who When we talk about people, that can be used instead of who in defining clauses. -Have you met the boy that Sue is going to marry? . Which in non-defining clauses That cannot be used to introduce a non-defining clause. -The hotel, which was a hundred years old, was very comfortable. . Prepositions That cannot be used after a preposition. -This is the car (that / which) I paid £2000 for. (speech) - This is the car for which I paid £2000. (formal) |
Который, кто и что . That вместо which Когда мы говорим о вещах, That часто используются вместо which в определяющем предложении. Это очень распространено в речи. - Это тот дом, который вы купили? . That вместо who Когда мы говорим о людях, that может быть использовано вместо who в определяющем предложении. -Вы
встретили молодого человека, за
которого Сью выходит замуж?
- Отель, которому было сто лет, был очень удобен. . Предлоги That не может быть использовано после предлога. -Это автомобиль (за который) я заплатил £ 2000. (в речи) -Это автомобиль,за которую я заплатил 2000 фунтов стерлингов. (формально) |
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Whom and whose . Whom is generally used in writing. -Smith was one of the men whom Jones had met earlier. (formal) - Smith was one of the men (that / who) Jones had met earlier . (speech) Whom has to be used after prepositions. - This is the person (who) I sold my car to. (speech) - This is the person to whom I sold my car. (formal) . Whose means of whom, and usually refers to people. - This is Jack. His sister is staying with us. - This is Jack, whose sister is staying with us. |
Кому и чьё Whom
, как
правило, используется в письменной
речи. -Смит был одним из мужчин,(с которым) Джонс встретился ранее. (в речи) Whom должно быть использовано после предлогов. Это человек, (которому) я продал свой автомобиль. (в речи) - Это человек, которому я продал свой автомобиль. (формально) .
Whose
означает чьё, и,как правило, относится
к людям. -Это Джек. Его сестра остается с нами. -Это Джек, чья сестра остается с нами. |
Exercise 1: Fill in: who, whose, which or where.
My school, 1) __________ is called King Edward"s, has about 2,000 students. My favourite teacher, 2)__________ is called Mr Brown, teaches sport. The sports centre, 3)____________ I play basketball and tennis, is the largest in the area. I walk to school every day with my friend Mike, 4)____________ father teaches History.
Exercise 2:
Make sentences as in the example. Use relative pronouns or relative adverbs.
Example: A painter is someone who paints pictures.
. builder / someone / build houses . elephant / animal / ears are big
. circus / place / can see acrobats
. tiger / animal / live in jungle
. supermarket / place / do shopping
Exercise 3:
Fill in: who"s or whose.
1 My mother,_________
2 She"s the woman ________________married to an actor.
3 Celine is the girl ______________brother won the prize.
4 Helen is the person______________car is outside our house.
5 Ann"s the one________________ a History teacher.
6 Lucas is the man ______________helping us move house.
7 That"s the woman _____________
8 . ______________concert did you go to?
Exercise 4:
Fill in the correct relative pronoun. What part of sentence is each, subject or object? Write S for subject and О for object, then state if the relatives can be omitted or not in the box provided.
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Did you see the man __________ stole her bag? |
not. omitted |
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The dress__________ Mary bought yesterday is too big. |
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Please give me the keys______ |
are on the table. |
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Is that the man______________we saw in the park yesterday? |
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What"s the name of the lady_____ |
babysits your little sister? |
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Klaus is playing with the dog____ |
lives next door. |
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Have you eaten all the cakes_____ |
I made yesterday? |
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How old is the man___________ |
owns that shop? |
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Have you met the man_________ |
Jackie is going to marry? |
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Let"s all look at the picture______ |
is on page 7. |
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Has Peter returned the money____ |
he borrowed from you? |
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What colour is the dress ______ |
you"re going to wear tonight? |
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Exercise 5:
Write one word for each space.
Hi Janet,
How are you? I"m doing all right. I just wanted to tell you 1)______________ something exciting 2) ________ happened to me last Saturday. Do you remember Beth, 3) _____________party we went to last winter? Well, I went 4) __________ her and her cousin to a concert at Croke Park 5)___________my favourite band, Nickelback, were playing. Anyway, her cousin Rick knew someone 6) _________ was working backstage and he let us meet the band. He even invited us to a party 7) ______________ the band was going to after the concert. It was amazing! Now about the weekend hiking trip - the reason 8) ______ I can"t come is because my sister has asked me to take care of her children as she"s 9)______________ on a business trip. I "m so sorry. I was really 10) _____ forward to it.
Write and tell me your news,
Shelly
Exercise 6:
Fill in the appropriate relative, say whether the relative clauses are essential or not to the meaning of the main sentence, then add commas where necessary.
Paul Stevens___________ starred in Days went to school with my brother.
The pen __________ I left on that table has disappeared.
The woman _________ repairs our car is very friendly.
David _________ grew up in Canada speaks French fluently.
The man _______car was stolen has gone to the police station.
Rye_________ my grandmother lives is near the sea.
Oleg_________car has broken down is late for work.
The Coliseum_________attracts many tourists is in Rome.
Exercise 7:
Fill in the relative pronoun or adverb. Put commas where necessary. Write D for defining, ND for non-defining and if the relative can be omitted or not in the box provided.
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Mr Brown , who_ _ |
teaches us French, comes from London. |
not omitted |
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The girl___________ |
I met on the bus looks just like my sister. |
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Peter Smith_________ |
had an accident is in hospital. |
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The apples__________ |
grow on these trees are delicious. |
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This lemon pie______ |
I made yesterday tastes great. |
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The film__________ |
I saw on TV last night was very exciting. |
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My friend Akim_____ |
is a doctor works very long hours. |
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John___________ |
father is a lawyer has moved to Paris. |
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The sports centre____ |
we play tennis is expensive. |
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The vase .__________ |
Susan gave me got broken. |
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The summer ______ |
I went to Spain was really hot. |
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The car____________ |
tyres are flat is mine. |
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The cafe___________ |
I first met my husband has closed down now. |
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Simon____________ |
mother is a vegetarian doesn"t eat meat. |
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The bakery_________ |
is by my house sells wonderful pies. |
Exercise 8:
a) Translate the sentences into English.
1. Художник, который нарисовал эту картину, жил в 19 веке.
2. Книга, которую ты прочитал летом, действительно очень увлекательная.
3. Катя, чей брат учится в моем классе, выиграла чемпионат мира.
b) Translate the text into English.
Зоопарк - это место, куда люди ходят с самого детства. Животные, которых там можно увидеть, представляют разные страны и континенты. Люди, которые часто посещают зоопарк, даже имеют там своих любимых животных. В некоторых зоопарках животным можно давать специальную еду, которая куплена здесь же. День, когда вся семья идет в зоопарк, обычно очень радостный, особенно для детей.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Answers:
Exercise 1: 1)which 2)who 3)where 4)whose
Exercise 2:
1)Builder is someone who/that builds houses
2) A circus is a place where we can see acrobats.
3)A tiger is an animal which/that lives in the jungle.
4)A supermarket is the place where we do the shopping.
5)An elephant is an animal whose ears are big.
Exercise 3:
1 My mother,_ whose ________ name is Elizabeth, is a piano teacher.
2 She"s the woman ___ who"s_ ____________married to an actor.
3 Celine is the girl __ whose ____________ brother won the prize.
4 Helen is the person___ whose ___________car is outside our house.
5 Ann"s the one___ who"s _____________ a History teacher.
6 Lucas is the man ___ who"s_ __________ helping us move house.
7 That"s the woman __ whose ___________ son just graduated from university.
8 . ___Whose ___concert did you go to?
Exercise 4:
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1) who / that (S- not omitted) |
6)which/that (S- not omitted) |
11)which/that (O-omitted) |
16)who / that(S-not omitted) |
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2)which/that (O-omitted) |
7)which/that(O-omitted) |
12)which/that(O-omitted) |
17)which/that (S- not omitted) |
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3)which/that (S- not omitted) |
8)who / that (S-not omitted) |
13)who / that(S-not omitted) |
18)who / that (S- not omitted) |
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4) who(m) / that(O-omitted) |
9)who(m) / that(O-omitted) |
14)which/that (S- not omitted) |
19)which/that (O- omitted) |
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5) who / that (S-not omitted) |
15)who / that(S-not omitted) |
20)who(m) / that (O-omitted) |
Exercise 5:
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1)about |
3)whose |
5)where |
7)which |
9)going |
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2)which |
4)with |
6)who |
8)why |
10)looking |
Exercise 6:
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1)who |
3)who/that |
5)whose |
7),whose..., |
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2)which/that |
4),who........., |
6),where...., |
8),which..., |
Exercise 7:
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1) who (ND-not omitted) |
6)which/that(D-omitted) |
11)when (D-omitted) |
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2) who(m) / that (D-omitted) |
7),who...,(ND-not omitted) |
12)whose(D-omitted) |
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3),who..., (ND-not omitted) |
13)where(D-omitted) |
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4) which / that(D-omitted) |
9)where(D-omitted) |
14),whose..., (ND-not omitted) |
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5) ,which.., (ND -not omitted) |
10)which/that(S-not omitted) |
15)which/that(D-omitted) |
Exercise 8:
Translation (suggested answers)
a) 1) The artist who painted this picture lived in the 19 th century.
2) The book you read in the summer is really very exciting.
3) Kate, whose brother studies in my class, has won the world championship.
b) The zoo is a place where people go from their childhood on. Animals which you can see there come from different countries and continents. People who often go to the zoo even have their favourite animals there. In some zoos you can give the animals special food which has been bought there. A day when the whole family goes to the zoo is usually very jolly, especially
__________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
More exercises:
1 ) Underline any relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.
1 I think that my boss is the person who I admire most.
2 Harry, who was tired, went to bed very early.
3 Were taking the train that leaves at 6.00.
4 Have you seen the book that I left here on the desk?
5 The film which we liked most was the French one.
6 My radio, which isn"t very old, has suddenly stopped working.
7 The clothes which you left behind are at the reception desk.
8 The couple who met me at the station took me out to dinner.
9 Last week I ran into an old friend who I hadn"t seen for ages.
10 Don"t cook the meat
2)Replace the relative pronouns in italics with that, where possible.
1 This is the magazine which I told you about.
2 John"s flat, which is in the same block as mine, is much larger.
3 The girl whose bag I offered to carry turned out to be an old friend.
4 The policeman who arrested her had recognized her car.
5 I work with someone who knows you.
6 We don"t sell goods which have been damaged.
7 Brighton, which is on the south coast, is a popular holiday resort.
8 I don"t know anyone whose clothes would fit you.
9 There"s a cafe near here which serves very good meals.
10 People who park outside get given parking tickets.
3) Underline the most suitable word in each sentence.
1 My friend Jack, that I who / whose parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland.
2 Here"s the computer program that / whom / whose I told you about.
3 I don"t believe the story that / who / whom she told us.
4 Peter comes from Witney, that / who / which is near Oxford.
5 This is the gun with that I whom / which the murder was committed.
6 Have you received the parcel whom / whose / which we sent you?
7 Is this the person who I which / whose you asked me about?
8 That"s the girl that I who / whose brother sits next to me at school.
9 The meal, that I which / whose wasn"t very tasty, was quite expensive.
10 We didn"t enjoy the play that / who / whose we went to see
4) Put one suitable word in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.
The story so far:
Jane Piatt, (1).............is travelling to London because of a mysterious letter, is the only person (2).....................witnesses a murder at Victoria Station. The detective to (3).....................she gives her statement then disappears.Jane goes to an office in Soho to answer the letter 4)..................... she had received. There she discovers that her uncle Gordon, (5).....................
lives in South America, has sent her a small box (6)..................... she is only to open if in trouble.) Jane, (7)..................... parents have never mentioned an Uncle Gordon, is suspicious of the box, (8)..................... she gives to her friend Tony. They go to Scotland Yard and see Inspector Groves, (9)..................... has not heard of the Victoria Station murder, (10)..................... was not reported to the police. Jane gives Inspector Groves the murdered man"s ticket, (11)..................... she found beside his body. Then Jane and Tony decide to go to Redhill, (12)..................... was the town (1 3)..................... the murdered man had come from. On the train they meet a man, (14)..................... face is somehow familiar to Jane, (15)..................... says he knows her Uncle Gordon.
5 ) Put a suitable relative pronoun in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.
1 My bike, ..........I had left at the gate, had disappeared.
2 The shoes.....................I bought were the ones.....................I tried on first.
3 The bag in.....................the robbers put the money was found later.
4 The medicine.....................the doctor gave me had no effect at all.
5 Peter,.....................couldn"t see the screen, decided to change his seat.
6 I really liked that tea.....................you made me this morning.
7 What was the name of your friend.....................tent we borrowed?
8 The flight.....................Joe was leaving on was cancelled.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Answers:
1 1 who . 2 none. 3 none. 4 that. 5 which. 6 none. 7 which. 8 none. 9 who. 10 that.
2 1 that I told you about . 2 not possible. 3 not possible. 4 that arrested her. 5 that
knows you. 6 that have been damaged. 7 not possible. 8 not possible. 9 that serves
very good meals. 10 that park outside.
3 1 whose . 2 that. 3 that. 4 which. 5 which. 6 which.7 who. 8 whose. 9 which.10 that.
4 1 who . 2 who. 3 whom. 4 blank. 5 who. 6 which. 7 whose. 8 which. 9 who. 10
which. 11 which. 12 which. 13 blank. 14 whose. 15 who.
5 1 which . 2 blank, blank. 3 which. 4 blank. 5 who. 6 blank. 7 whose. 8 blank.
Семестр пролетел, как и не было. Казалось, еще учиться и учиться, а вот уже экзамены сданы! Недаром говорят - Все в мире относительно. Предлагаю очередную тему моей грамматической рубрики: Relative Clauses - Все относительно!
Для начала, хочу напомнить о разнице между Sentence
и Clause.
Sentence
- все предложение от начала до конца. Может содержать в себе много Clause-ов. Бывает сложно-сочинительное, когда Clause-ы не подчиняются друг другу, и сложноподчинительное, соответственно:)
Существует два типа придаточных определительных:
|
Defining relative clauses |
Non-defining relative clauses |
|
ограничительные |
распространительные |
|
Those who have not yet registered should do so at once. — Те, кто еще не зарегистрировался, должны сделать это незамедлительно |
Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which I"d never been to before . — Вчера мы ходили в Городской музей, в котором я никогда раньше не был |
|
уточняют значение определяемого слова: только те, кто еще не зарегистрировался |
сообщают дополнительную информацию об определяемом слове - музее |
. Мы используем which / that, когда говорим о вещах, понятиях:
The office which / that
the CEO prefers is in the city centre.
Офис, который
предпочитает наш директор, находится в центре.
which / that
the CEO prefers говорит о том, какой именно офис
Subject and Object relative Clauses
Относительные местоимения who/which/that могут быть опущены, если они являются объектом Defining relative clause:
The manager (who) we hired
Менеджер, которого
мы наняли
на прошлой неделе
Наняли кого?
- которого:) в смысле менеджера; которого - объект
The manager who applied
last week has already resigned.
Менеджер, который обратился
к нам
Обратился кто?
- который:) в смысле менеджер; который - субъект
Если относительное местоимение является субъектом, оно не опускается.
Non-defining relative clauses
Используются, чтобы дать дополнительную информацию о человеке или предмете:
Mr. Green, who is our best lawyer, is going to leave the company.
Нам известен человек, о котором мы говорим - Мистер Грин.
Тот факт, что он лучший юрист - дополнительная информация.
. Определительное придаточное предложение может относиться не только к отдельному слову, но и ко всему главному предложению целиком. Такое придаточное может вводиться только союзом which. Находится оно всегда после главного предложения:
He never
admits his mistakes, which
is extremely annoying.
Он никогда не признает своих ошибок, что
безумно раздражает
.jpg) |
И, как обычно, немного упражнений для отработки полученных знаний:) |
DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Ограничительные и распространительные определительные предложения Определительные придаточные предложения делятся на два типа: ограничительные (defining) и распространительные (non-defining). 1) Ограничительные определительные предложения содержат информацию, уточняющую значение слова, к которому они относятся. Они выбирают из класса предметов, обозначаемых определяемым словом, только те, которые отвечают определенным характеристикам. Опущение ограничительного придаточного предложения часто ведет к неясности или неправильности главного предложения, к изменению его смысла. Ограничительные определительные придаточные предложения не выделяются запятыми. He married a girl who he met at the library — Он женился на девушке, с которой познакомился в библиотеке (... девушке, (какой именно?) c которой... При опущении придаточного главное предолжение тоже изменяет смысл: He married a girl) People who don"t smoke live longer — Люди, которые не курят, живут дольше (Люди, (какие именно?) которые... При опущении придаточного фраза главное предолжение тоже изменяет смысл: People live longer) 2) Распространительные определительные предложения содержат информацию, дополнительно характеризующую слово, к которому они относятся и которое достаточно определено само по себе, чтобы главное предложение не изменяло смысл при опущении придаточного определительного. Такие предложения встречаются реже ограничительных; употребляются преимущественно в письменной речи. Распространительные придаточные, в отличие от ограничительных, выделяются запятыми. This is Mary, who was my classmate — Это Мэри, с которой я учился в одном классе (- с ней я...) (... Мэри, (с какими еще свойствами?) с которой... При опущении придаточного предложения смысл главного сохраняется: This is Mary) 3) Между ограничительными и распространительными предложениями отсутствует четкое разграничение. Часто тип предложения определяется интонацией (распространительные предложения выделяются голосом), важностью информации в придаточном предложении (распространительные предложения содержат менее важную информацию) или тем, какая интерпретация более естественна. 4) Некоторые грамматические различия между ограничительными и распространительными придаточными предложениями: а) местоимение that не употребляется в распространительных придаточных предложениях - см. Relative pronouns, 2. б) относительное местоимение не может опускаться в распространительных придаточных предложениях - см. Zero relative pronoun.
English-Russian grammatical dictionary. Англо-Русский грамматический словарь. 2004
→ Англо-Русские словари → Англо-Русский грамматический словарь
Еще значения слова и перевод DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES с английского на русский язык в англо-русских словарях.
Что такое и перевод DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES с русского на английский язык в русско-английских словарях.
More meanings of this word and English-Russian, Russian-English translations for DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES in dictionaries.
- DEFINING
Английский словарь Webster - DEFINING — (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Define
- DEFINING — /di fuy"ning/ , adj. decisive; critically important: Taking a course in architecture was a defining turn in her life.
- DEFINING — p.pr. & ·vb.n. of define.
Webster English vocab - DEFINING — Synonyms and related words: categorical, characteristic, classificational, classificatory, confining, definitive, denominative, differential, distinctive, divisional, divisionary, exclusive, limitary, limitative, limiting, …
- DEFINING — adj.
Oxford Collocations Dictionary Second Edition - DEFINING — adj. Defining is used with these nouns: attribute , characteristic , feature , moment , …
Oxford Collocations English Dictionary - DEFINING
Большой Англо-Русский словарь - DEFINING — Определение
Американский Англо-Русский словарь - DEFINING — Определитель
Британский Англо-Русский словарь - DEFINING — установление [маркировка] границ набора на дисплее
Англо-Русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу - DEFINING — определяющий, определение global defining function ≈ глобальная определяющая функция orienting defining set ≈ ориентирующее определяющее множество set of defining relations …
Новый большой Англо-Русский словарь - DEFINING — определять определяющий
Англо-Русский словарь - RELATIVE — adj relative (1. not absolute; 2. ); pronomine relative relative pronoun; relative a relating to, relative to
Interlingua English vocab - NON — adv 1. not; 2. no; non! no!; si non 1. if not; 2. except, unless it be non- prefixo [ Word Family: noun: …
- NON- — non- /nɒn $ nɑːn/ BrE AmE prefix [ Language: Old French ; Origin: Latin non "not" ] 1 . If something is relative to a particular subject, it is connected with it.The documents are relative to …
Cambridge English vocab - RELATIVE — Synonyms and related words: affiliated, affinitive, agnate, allied, analogical, analogous, ancestry, appertaining, applicable, approximate, apropos, associated, associative, aunt, blood, …
Moby Thesaurus English vocabulary - NON — pref. non compos mentis non placet sine qua non
Collegiate Thesaurus English vocab - RELATIVE — n. 25B6; adjective the relative importance of each factor: COMPARATIVE, respective, comparable, correlative, parallel, corresponding. the food required is …
Concise Oxford Thesaurus English vocabulary - RELATIVE — adj. 1 related, connected, associated, allied, affiliated, interconnected, interrelated, pertinent, relevant, germane, applicable; apropos Your comments are not relative to …
Oxford Thesaurus English vocab
Relative clauses (придаточные определительные предложения)
|
Subject or object Relative clauses give extra information about a noun in the main clause. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun (who, which, that, whom, whose). The relative pronoun can refer to the subject of the clause. -That"s the woman who bought my car. The woman (subject) bought my car (object). Or the relative pronoun can refer to the object of the clause. -This is the car that I used to own. I (subject) used to own the car (object). |
Субъект
или объект
Придаточные
определительные предложения дают
дополнительную информацию о
существительном в главном
предложении.
Относительное
местоимение может относиться к
подлежащему в предложении.
Женщина (субъект) купил свою машину (объект). Или относительное местоимение может относиться к дополнению в предложении. Я (субъект) владел автомобилем (объект). |
|
Defining . Defining clauses give important information which tells us exactly what is being referred to. -The book which you lent me is really good. This indicates which book we are talking about. Without the relative clause, it might be difficult to understand the meaning. |
Определяющие
Определяющие предложения дают важную
информацию, которая говорит нам, что
именно имеется в виду.
Это указывает на ту книгу,о которой мы говорим. Без определяющего предложения, может быть трудно понять смысл. |
|
Non-defining . Non-defining clauses add extra information. They are separated by commas in writing, and by a pause on either side (where the commas are) in speaking. We generally use which not that in non-defining clauses. - This gives extra information about the book. We could miss out the relative clause and the meaning would still be clear. |
Не
определяющие
Не определяющие предложения добавляют дополнительную информацию. Они разделены запятой в письменной форме, и паузой с каждой стороны (там, где запятые) в разговоре. Мы вообще используем which а не that в не определяющие предложениях. - Книга, которую я не читал, по-прежнему лежала на полке. Это дает дополнительную информацию о книге. Мы могли опустить н е определяющее предложение, но смысл все равно будет понятным. |
|
Omitting the relative pronoun . In a defining relative clause we can leave out the relative pronoun if it is the object of the clause. - That"s the car (that) I used to own. We cannot miss out the relative pronoun if it is the subject of the clause. - That"s the woman who bought my car. . In a non-defining relative clause we cannot leave out the relative pronoun. - The book, which I hadn"t read, was still on the shelf. |
Опуская относительное
местоимение
В
о
пределяющем
предложении
мы
можем опустить относительное
местоимение, если оно является
дополнением в предложении. Это автомобиль, который у меня был. Мы не можем опустить относительное местоимение, если оно является подлежащим в предложении. -Это женщина, которая купила машину. В н е определяющих предложениях мы не можем опустить относительное местоимение. - Книга, которую я не читал, по-прежнему лежала на полке. |
|
Which, who and that . That instead of which When we talk about things, that is often used instead of which in defining clauses. This is very common in speech. - Is this the house that you bought? . That instead of who When we talk about people, that can be used instead of who in defining clauses. -Have you met the boy that Sue is going to marry? . Which in non-defining clauses That cannot be used to introduce a non-defining clause. -The hotel, which was a hundred years old, was very comfortable. . Prepositions That cannot be used after a preposition. -This is the car (that / which) I paid £2000 for. (speech) - This is the car for which I paid £2000. (formal) |
Который, кто и что . That вместо which Когда мы говорим о вещах, That часто используются вместо which в определяющем предложении. Это очень распространено в речи. - Это тот дом, который вы купили? . That вместо who Когда мы говорим о людях, that может быть использовано вместо who в определяющем предложении. -Вы
встретили молодого человека, за
которого Сью выходит замуж?
- Отель, которому было сто лет, был очень удобен. . Предлоги That не может быть использовано после предлога. -Это автомобиль (за который) я заплатил £ 2000. (в речи) -Это автомобиль,за которую я заплатил 2000 фунтов стерлингов. (формально) |
|
Whom and whose . Whom is generally used in writing. -Smith was one of the men whom Jones had met earlier. (formal) - Smith was one of the men (that / who) Jones had met earlier . (speech) Whom has to be used after prepositions. - This is the person (who) I sold my car to. (speech) - This is the person to whom I sold my car. (formal) . Whose means of whom, and usually refers to people. - This is Jack. His sister is staying with us. - This is Jack, whose sister is staying with us. |
Кому и чьё Whom
, как
правило, используется в письменной
речи. -Смит был одним из мужчин,(с которым) Джонс встретился ранее. (в речи) Whom должно быть использовано после предлогов. Это человек, (которому) я продал свой автомобиль. (в речи) - Это человек, которому я продал свой автомобиль. (формально) .
Whose
означает чьё, и,как правило, относится
к людям. -Это Джек. Его сестра остается с нами. -Это Джек, чья сестра остается с нами. |
Exercise 1: Fill in: who, whose, which or where.
My school, 1) __________ is called King Edward"s, has about 2,000 students. My favourite teacher, 2)__________ is called Mr Brown, teaches sport. The sports centre, 3)____________ I play basketball and tennis, is the largest in the area. I walk to school every day with my friend Mike, 4)____________ father teaches History.
Exercise 2:
Make sentences as in the example. Use relative pronouns or relative adverbs.
Example: A painter is someone who paints pictures.
. builder / someone / build houses . elephant / animal / ears are big
. circus / place / can see acrobats
. tiger / animal / live in jungle
. supermarket / place / do shopping
Exercise 3:
Fill in: who"s or whose.
1 My mother,_________
2 She"s the woman ________________married to an actor.
3 Celine is the girl ______________brother won the prize.
4 Helen is the person______________car is outside our house.
5 Ann"s the one________________ a History teacher.
6 Lucas is the man ______________helping us move house.
7 That"s the woman _____________
8 . ______________concert did you go to?
Exercise 4:
Fill in the correct relative pronoun. What part of sentence is each, subject or object? Write S for subject and О for object, then state if the relatives can be omitted or not in the box provided.
|
Did you see the man __________ stole her bag? |
not. omitted |
|||
|
The dress__________ Mary bought yesterday is too big. |
||||
|
Please give me the keys______ |
are on the table. |
|||
|
Is that the man______________we saw in the park yesterday? |
||||
|
What"s the name of the lady_____ |
babysits your little sister? |
|||
|
Klaus is playing with the dog____ |
lives next door. |
|||
|
Have you eaten all the cakes_____ |
I made yesterday? |
|||
|
How old is the man___________ |
owns that shop? |
|||
|
Have you met the man_________ |
Jackie is going to marry? |
|||
|
Let"s all look at the picture______ |
is on page 7. |
|||
|
Has Peter returned the money____ |
he borrowed from you? |
|||
|
What colour is the dress ______ |
you"re going to wear tonight? |
|||
Exercise 5:
Write one word for each space.
Hi Janet,
How are you? I"m doing all right. I just wanted to tell you 1)______________ something exciting 2) ________ happened to me last Saturday. Do you remember Beth, 3) _____________party we went to last winter? Well, I went 4) __________ her and her cousin to a concert at Croke Park 5)___________my favourite band, Nickelback, were playing. Anyway, her cousin Rick knew someone 6) _________ was working backstage and he let us meet the band. He even invited us to a party 7) ______________ the band was going to after the concert. It was amazing! Now about the weekend hiking trip - the reason 8) ______ I can"t come is because my sister has asked me to take care of her children as she"s 9)______________ on a business trip. I "m so sorry. I was really 10) _____ forward to it.
Write and tell me your news,
Shelly
Exercise 6:
Fill in the appropriate relative, say whether the relative clauses are essential or not to the meaning of the main sentence, then add commas where necessary.
Paul Stevens___________ starred in Days went to school with my brother.
The pen __________ I left on that table has disappeared.
The woman _________ repairs our car is very friendly.
David _________ grew up in Canada speaks French fluently.
The man _______car was stolen has gone to the police station.
Rye_________ my grandmother lives is near the sea.
Oleg_________car has broken down is late for work.
The Coliseum_________attracts many tourists is in Rome.
Exercise 7:
Fill in the relative pronoun or adverb. Put commas where necessary. Write D for defining, ND for non-defining and if the relative can be omitted or not in the box provided.
|
Mr Brown , who_ _ |
teaches us French, comes from London. |
not omitted |
||
|
The girl___________ |
I met on the bus looks just like my sister. |
|||
|
Peter Smith_________ |
had an accident is in hospital. |
|||
|
The apples__________ |
grow on these trees are delicious. |
|||
|
This lemon pie______ |
I made yesterday tastes great. |
|||
|
The film__________ |
I saw on TV last night was very exciting. |
|||
|
My friend Akim_____ |
is a doctor works very long hours. |
|||
|
John___________ |
father is a lawyer has moved to Paris. |
|||
|
The sports centre____ |
we play tennis is expensive. |
|||
|
The vase .__________ |
Susan gave me got broken. |
|||
|
The summer ______ |
I went to Spain was really hot. |
|||
|
The car____________ |
tyres are flat is mine. |
|||
|
The cafe___________ |
I first met my husband has closed down now. |
|||
|
Simon____________ |
mother is a vegetarian doesn"t eat meat. |
|||
|
The bakery_________ |
is by my house sells wonderful pies. |
Exercise 8:
a) Translate the sentences into English.
1. Художник, который нарисовал эту картину, жил в 19 веке.
2. Книга, которую ты прочитал летом, действительно очень увлекательная.
3. Катя, чей брат учится в моем классе, выиграла чемпионат мира.
b) Translate the text into English.
Зоопарк - это место, куда люди ходят с самого детства. Животные, которых там можно увидеть, представляют разные страны и континенты. Люди, которые часто посещают зоопарк, даже имеют там своих любимых животных. В некоторых зоопарках животным можно давать специальную еду, которая куплена здесь же. День, когда вся семья идет в зоопарк, обычно очень радостный, особенно для детей.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Answers:
Exercise 1: 1)which 2)who 3)where 4)whose
Exercise 2:
1)Builder is someone who/that builds houses
2) A circus is a place where we can see acrobats.
3)A tiger is an animal which/that lives in the jungle.
4)A supermarket is the place where we do the shopping.
5)An elephant is an animal whose ears are big.
Exercise 3:
1 My mother,_ whose ________ name is Elizabeth, is a piano teacher.
2 She"s the woman ___ who"s_ ____________married to an actor.
3 Celine is the girl __ whose ____________ brother won the prize.
4 Helen is the person___ whose ___________car is outside our house.
5 Ann"s the one___ who"s _____________ a History teacher.
6 Lucas is the man ___ who"s_ __________ helping us move house.
7 That"s the woman __ whose ___________ son just graduated from university.
8 . ___Whose ___concert did you go to?
Exercise 4:
|
1) who / that (S- not omitted) |
6)which/that (S- not omitted) |
11)which/that (O-omitted) |
16)who / that(S-not omitted) |
|
2)which/that (O-omitted) |
7)which/that(O-omitted) |
12)which/that(O-omitted) |
17)which/that (S- not omitted) |
|
3)which/that (S- not omitted) |
8)who / that (S-not omitted) |
13)who / that(S-not omitted) |
18)who / that (S- not omitted) |
|
4) who(m) / that(O-omitted) |
9)who(m) / that(O-omitted) |
14)which/that (S- not omitted) |
19)which/that (O- omitted) |
|
5) who / that (S-not omitted) |
15)who / that(S-not omitted) |
20)who(m) / that (O-omitted) |
Exercise 5:
|
1)about |
3)whose |
5)where |
7)which |
9)going |
|
2)which |
4)with |
6)who |
8)why |
10)looking |
Exercise 6:
|
1)who |
3)who/that |
5)whose |
7),whose..., |
|
2)which/that |
4),who........., |
6),where...., |
8),which..., |
Exercise 7:
|
1) who (ND-not omitted) |
6)which/that(D-omitted) |
11)when (D-omitted) |
|
2) who(m) / that (D-omitted) |
7),who...,(ND-not omitted) |
12)whose(D-omitted) |
|
3),who..., (ND-not omitted) |
13)where(D-omitted) |
|
|
4) which / that(D-omitted) |
9)where(D-omitted) |
14),whose..., (ND-not omitted) |
|
5) ,which.., (ND -not omitted) |
10)which/that(S-not omitted) |
15)which/that(D-omitted) |
Exercise 8:
Translation (suggested answers)
a) 1) The artist who painted this picture lived in the 19 th century.
2) The book you read in the summer is really very exciting.
3) Kate, whose brother studies in my class, has won the world championship.
b) The zoo is a place where people go from their childhood on. Animals which you can see there come from different countries and continents. People who often go to the zoo even have their favourite animals there. In some zoos you can give the animals special food which has been bought there. A day when the whole family goes to the zoo is usually very jolly, especially
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More exercises:
1 ) Underline any relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.
1 I think that my boss is the person who I admire most.
2 Harry, who was tired, went to bed very early.
3 Were taking the train that leaves at 6.00.
4 Have you seen the book that I left here on the desk?
5 The film which we liked most was the French one.
6 My radio, which isn"t very old, has suddenly stopped working.
7 The clothes which you left behind are at the reception desk.
8 The couple who met me at the station took me out to dinner.
9 Last week I ran into an old friend who I hadn"t seen for ages.
10 Don"t cook the meat
2)Replace the relative pronouns in italics with that, where possible.
1 This is the magazine which I told you about.
2 John"s flat, which is in the same block as mine, is much larger.
3 The girl whose bag I offered to carry turned out to be an old friend.
4 The policeman who arrested her had recognized her car.
5 I work with someone who knows you.
6 We don"t sell goods which have been damaged.
7 Brighton, which is on the south coast, is a popular holiday resort.
8 I don"t know anyone whose clothes would fit you.
9 There"s a cafe near here which serves very good meals.
10 People who park outside get given parking tickets.
3) Underline the most suitable word in each sentence.
1 My friend Jack, that I who / whose parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland.
2 Here"s the computer program that / whom / whose I told you about.
3 I don"t believe the story that / who / whom she told us.
4 Peter comes from Witney, that / who / which is near Oxford.
5 This is the gun with that I whom / which the murder was committed.
6 Have you received the parcel whom / whose / which we sent you?
7 Is this the person who I which / whose you asked me about?
8 That"s the girl that I who / whose brother sits next to me at school.
9 The meal, that I which / whose wasn"t very tasty, was quite expensive.
10 We didn"t enjoy the play that / who / whose we went to see
4) Put one suitable word in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.
The story so far:
Jane Piatt, (1).............is travelling to London because of a mysterious letter, is the only person (2).....................witnesses a murder at Victoria Station. The detective to (3).....................she gives her statement then disappears.Jane goes to an office in Soho to answer the letter 4)..................... she had received. There she discovers that her uncle Gordon, (5).....................
lives in South America, has sent her a small box (6)..................... she is only to open if in trouble.) Jane, (7)..................... parents have never mentioned an Uncle Gordon, is suspicious of the box, (8)..................... she gives to her friend Tony. They go to Scotland Yard and see Inspector Groves, (9)..................... has not heard of the Victoria Station murder, (10)..................... was not reported to the police. Jane gives Inspector Groves the murdered man"s ticket, (11)..................... she found beside his body. Then Jane and Tony decide to go to Redhill, (12)..................... was the town (1 3)..................... the murdered man had come from. On the train they meet a man, (14)..................... face is somehow familiar to Jane, (15)..................... says he knows her Uncle Gordon.
5 ) Put a suitable relative pronoun in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.
1 My bike, ..........I had left at the gate, had disappeared.
2 The shoes.....................I bought were the ones.....................I tried on first.
3 The bag in.....................the robbers put the money was found later.
4 The medicine.....................the doctor gave me had no effect at all.
5 Peter,.....................couldn"t see the screen, decided to change his seat.
6 I really liked that tea.....................you made me this morning.
7 What was the name of your friend.....................tent we borrowed?
8 The flight.....................Joe was leaving on was cancelled.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Answers:
1 1 who . 2 none. 3 none. 4 that. 5 which. 6 none. 7 which. 8 none. 9 who. 10 that.
2 1 that I told you about . 2 not possible. 3 not possible. 4 that arrested her. 5 that
knows you. 6 that have been damaged. 7 not possible. 8 not possible. 9 that serves
very good meals. 10 that park outside.
3 1 whose . 2 that. 3 that. 4 which. 5 which. 6 which.7 who. 8 whose. 9 which.10 that.
4 1 who . 2 who. 3 whom. 4 blank. 5 who. 6 which. 7 whose. 8 which. 9 who. 10
which. 11 which. 12 which. 13 blank. 14 whose. 15 who.
5 1 which . 2 blank, blank. 3 which. 4 blank. 5 who. 6 blank. 7 whose. 8 blank.
